Criminal Identity and Social Stigma: A Labeling Theory Perspective on Offender Rehabilitation
Article Information
Citation
Miner, D. C. (2026). Criminal identity and social stigma: A labeling theory perspective on offender rehabilitation. NIJ LEADS Special Issue, 71-81.
Keywords
Criminal identity, stigma, rehabilitation, desistance, reentry, labeling theory, identity transformation
Research Summary
People come to be viewed and labeled as criminals based on systems of societal norms and codified laws. This article argues that terms like “convict,” “felon,” and “offender” carry inherently negative connotations that shape how labeled individuals see themselves and ultimately how they behave.
Drawing on labeling theory, Miner explains that conformance and nonconformance to laws are based on internal and external factors, and that much of the criminal population is not composed of hardened, irredeemable individuals as often portrayed in media and politics. When individuals are caught and convicted, particularly for felony offenses, they begin to transform their identity to match their perceived criminality. The belief that crime is not something you did but who you are inhibits one’s ability to desist from further criminal behavior upon release.
The article argues that the offender population has criminogenic needs that can be addressed through proper treatment. A key policy recommendation is to reduce reliance on incarceration for nonviolent offenders and instead use community-based programs, which allow individuals to maintain family ties, access treatment, and build pro-social networks, all of which reduce reoffending.
Companion Video
Understanding Criminal Identity and Pathways to Change
Dr. Miner discusses the psychological processes of criminal identity formation and strategies for supporting successful rehabilitation and reentry.